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| Preparation of beeswax-based water-in-oil emulsion and its application in the delivery of rice bioactive peptides |
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Received:May 23, 2025 Revised:March 23, 2026 Accepted:June 16, 2025
Published：July 20, 2026
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| DOI：10.19902/j.cnki.zgyz.1003-7969.250254 |
| KeyWord:beeswax W/O emulsion rheological property transdermal absorption rice bioactive peptides |
| FundProject:中国轻工集团科技创新基金项目(ZQ2022JC-QN09) |
| Author Name | Affiliation | | LIU Huimin1,2, QIN Xiuyuan3, MA Xiaoyuan1,2, TIAN Xin1,2,
TAI Xiumei1,2, LU Zhihao3，GAO Xu1,2 | 1.China Research Institute of Daily Chemistry Co. , Ltd. , Taiyuan 030001, China
2.Shanxi Key Laboratory
of Functional Surfactants, Taiyuan 030001, China
3.China National Research Institute of Food &
Fermentation Industries Co. , Ltd. , Beijing 100015, China |
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| Abstract: |
| To provide a reference for the development of beeswax in cosmetics and topical dermatological formulations, water-in-oil (W/O) emulsions loaded with rice bioactive peptides were prepared using beeswax as an oil-phase thickener. The effects of beeswax content and cooling methods (natural cooling and stirring cooling) on the emulsion structure and rheological properties were investigated, and the in vitro transdermal absorption performance of the W/O emulsion was evaluated. The results showed that emulsion stability gradually increased with rising beeswax content. Under the natural cooling process, the emulsion remained stable and did not separate at a beeswax content of 15%, whereas under the stirring cooling process, the emulsion remained stable and did not separate at a beeswax content of 10%. Through microstructural analysis of emulsions prepared using different processes, distinct mechanisms were proposed for beeswax-stabilized emulsions regulated by different cooling processes. All beeswax-stabilized W/O emulsions exhibited shear-thinning non-Newtonian fluids. As the beeswax content increased, the apparent viscosity of the emulsion increased, the thixotropic recovery degree decreased, the linear viscoelastic region widened, and the stability of the system improved. Under the same loading amount of rice bioactive peptides, W/O emulsions exhibited superior transdermal absorption performance than the oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions. In summary, beeswax, as an effective oil-phase thickener, can have its distribution in emulsions optimized by adjusting the cooling process, thereby enabling the formation of stable W/O emulsion systems at low concentrations and demonstrating good potential for transdermal delivery of active ingredients. |
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